Comparative Study of Water Distribution Systems

 

Feature	Dead End System	Grid Iron System	Radial System	Ring System
Layout	Tree-like branches from main line ​	Interconnected parallel mains ​	Pipes radiate from central reservoir ​	Circular loop around city ​
Pressure Variation	High at source, low at ends ​	Uniform throughout ​	Moderate, decreases outward ​	Equal in all directions ​
Dead Ends/Sedimentation	Many, high risk ​	None, self-cleansing ​	Few, good flushing ​	None, excellent circulation ​
Cost	Lowest ​	Highest ​	Medium	High youtube​
Suitability	Small towns, linear growth ​	Large cities, rectangular layout ​	Cities with radial roads ​	Cities with circular boundaries ​
Advantages	Simple, cheap construction ​	Reliable pressure, no stagnation ​	Economical for radial patterns ​	Uniform supply, no dead ends ​
Disadvantages	Stagnation, low pressure at ends ​	Expensive piping ​	Limited to radial areas ​	Costly looping ​